NTA 6 APPLIED BIOLOGY II

• gene concept
• mendel's law of inheritance
• types of genetic inheritance
• linkage & sex linked characteristics
• types,cause and effects of gene mutations
• types cause and effects of chromosome mutation
• types of genetic disease in human being
• srtuctue and replication of DNA
• structure and types of RNA and their roles
• process of protein synthesis
• process of genetic engineering
• method of selective breeding
• methods of genetic disease treatment

NTA 5 BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT.

• human respiratory system
• inspiration and expiration
• terms used in respiration
• glycolysis, krebs cycle,and fermentation
• roles of plant hormones
• economic applications of plant hormones
• endocrine glands their secretion and roles
• types of asexual reproduction
• structure of a flower and floral formulae
• reproduction process in plants
• germination process
• gamete formation process in animals
• fertilization and blastula formation in mammals
• gastrulation,organogenesis and growth process in mammals.

DESCRIPTION OF MODULE-LST04104

1.         Code   LST 04104

2.         Name: Solutions and Bench Reagents

3.         Number of Credits     6

4.            Sub-Enabling Outcomes

·        Measure correct amount of materials for chemistry experiments

5.            Pre-requisite Module:     None

6.            Learning Context:  

               This module will be conducted through Lectures, Discussions and Practical/Laboratory work.

7.            Learning Contents:                                

Explain working principles of Glassware, Plastic ware, Retort stand, Tripod stand, wire gauze, weighing machines, pH meter, Centrifuge machine, colorimeter, Stop watch, Water distiller, Kipp’s apparatus, Chromatographic apparatus.

List components/parts of the above mentioned equipment

Explain the uses of each of the above equipment

8.        Learning Materials: Biology Practical Text Books, Biology Practical Manuals and Pamphlets

 9.           References

·        J.F. Hall, “Introductory Chemistry in the      Laboratory” Houghton      Mifflin College Div., 2003.

·        Tomas, “Laboratory Manual” US imports & PHIPEs, 1996

·         Zhao, “Experimental Methods in Physical Science”Academic Press, 2003 C.J. Wallis,

·        Practical Biology-A laboratory Manual” Heinemann Coller, B.A.W, McKinnon, I.R. and Wilson, I.R., “

·        Principle Physical Chemistry” Edward Anold, 1978 Lambert, E.N. and Mohammed, M.J.,

·        Comprehensive Qualitative Analysis for Advanced Level Chemistry” Heinemann

       Educational Publisher, 1989 A.Douglas, Skoog and Donald West, “

·        Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry J. Creedy, “

·        A Laboratory Manual for Schools and Colleges”     Heinemann

10.         Integrated Methods of Assessment:

Continuous Assignments:           40%.                                                   

Semester Examination:               60%.  

BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS -LST 05106

 

BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS   – SEMESTER   I

Description of Module:

1.         Code: LST 05106

2.         Name: Biological Specimens

3.         Number of Credit: 8

4.         Sub-Enabling Outcomes:

·        Identify tools/equipment for collection of specimens.

·        Identify chemical reagents for collection of specimens

·        Identify chemical reagents for preparation of specimens

·        Identify tools/equipment for preparation of specimens

·        Explain general principles and systems of classification.

·        Classify major categories of plant and animals.

·        Classify   major categories of microorganisms.

·        Explain procedures for collection of plant and animal specimens.

·        Explain procedures for collection of microorganisms.

·        Explain procedures for preparation of plant and animal specimens in the laboratory.

·        Explain procedures for preparation of microorganisms in the laboratory.

·        Locate habitats for laboratory specimens

·        Describe procedures for management of plants: glass-house and aquaria

·        Describe procedures for management of animals: vivarium and animal house.

·        Describe methods of drying and mounting plant specimens.

·        Describe the dry and wet preservation methods of animal specimens

·        Describe methods of managing a herbarium.

·        Describe the procedure of managing a zoological museum

5.         Pre-requisite Module: None

6.         Learning Context:

            This module will be conducted through lectures, tutorials, assignments and practical.

                                    A: Collection of specimens.

Identification of tools, equipment and chemical reagents for collection of specimens.

                                    B: Preparation of specimens

Identification of chemical reagents and tools/equipment for preparation of specimens

                                    C: Classification

General principles, systems of classification, major categories of plant, animals and microorganisms, collection of plant and animal specimens.

Explain procedures for collection of plant, animal and microorganisms, also management of plants, glass-house and aquaria,

D: Preservation of Specimens

Drying and mounting plant specimens method, dry and wet preservation methods of animal specimens, managing a herbarium and managing a zoological museum

           

7.         Learning Materials:

            Books, Board, Anti-dust chalks, White board, Marker pens, Flip charts

8.         REFERENCES:

            (i)         Mader, SS (2000) 9^th Edition, Inquiry Into life, Boston, Mc Graw Hill.

(ii)        Johnson, G. B. (2000) 2^nd Edition the Living World.  Boston, Publisher McGrawth, (ISBN O -697 – 36061-X

            (iii)       Lems, Ricki (1998) 3^rd Edition Life, Boston, Publisher McGraw-Hill

(iv)       World Book, Inch 525 W. Monroe (Chen Phy) Chicago IL 60661 The world book of Schince power 1 (Ed.) (1994)

9.         Integrated method of assessment

                        Continuous Assessment                                    40%

                        End of semester Examination                             60%              

10 UNUSUAL BABIES-MEDICAL CONDITIONS

You will find some of the cases or images below disturbing in nature. This compilation is not for light-hearted people.

1. Two Faced Baby : Diprosopus

Image Source

Lali was born with two noses, two pairs of lips and two pairs of eyes – but only two ears. And while she may seem like an oddity to some, her proud parents think she is simply a God reincarnated. Her parents, Vinod and Susham Singh from a village called Saini, said their little girl was “a gift from God”.
The girl is born with Diprosopus or Craniofacial Duplicatiopn - an extremely rare congenital disorder whereby part or all of the face is duplicated on the head as compared to polycephaly in which a baby might be born with two heads, in which one head is a left over of his undeveloped twin.
Doctors who delivered the baby said she appeared to be in good health, and is leading a normal life with no breathing difficulties. They were initially uncertain whether the baby would have normal functions but say so far she is “doing well” and eating from both of her two mouths. She also opens and shuts all four eyes at the same time.

2. One Eyed Baby : Cyclopia

Image Source

The baby born in Nigeria suffers from Cyclopia (also cyclocephaly or synophthalmia) – a rare birth defect characterized by failure of embryonic forebrain to divide into two orbital cavities for the eyeballs resulting in one eye. Typically the face lacks a functional nose. The cause being related to certain toxins and high doses of anticancer therapy.

3. Two Headed Baby : Craniopagus parasiticus

Image Source

The nurse holds an Egyptian baby named Manar Maged in a hospital in the city of Banha, north of Cairo. Maged was in a serious but improving condition after the procedure to treat her for craniopagus parasiticus — a problem related to that of conjoined twins linked at the skull.
Craniopagus parasiticus is a medical condition in which a parasitic twin head with an undeveloped (or underdeveloped) body is attached to the head of a developed twin. There have only been ten documented cases of this phenomenon, though to-date there have been at least eighty separate cases of this phenomenon written about in various records. Only three ever have been documented by modern medicine to have survived birth.

4. Tiger Stripped Baby : Harlequin-type ichthyosis

Image Source

A weird baby is born in Gilgit, Pakistan, this March’ 2010. The baby had a skin disorder whose first case was registered back in 1700s. The baby was kept in ICU after his birth because of his weak and dreadful condition and the parents of the baby have been declared healthy. Soon after the birth of the alien baby, the huge mass of people gathered at the hospital to see the strange child and which astonished the people. Baby had red stripes all over his body exactly like a tiger and had blood red eyes similar to aliens from a sci-fi ALIEN based movie. According to the doctor, there are only 10 percent chances that the baby would survive as the skin disease he is diagnosed with (Harlequin-type ichthyosis) makes him more sensitive towards bacteria to enter his body. This kind of disease is very rare and not been reported since 1700 but now it has captured the interest of people and astounded them to a great extent.
Harlequin-type ichthyosis, a skin disease, is the most severe form of congenital ichthyosis, characterized by a thickening of the keratin layer in fetal human skin. In sufferers of the disease, the skin contains massive, diamond-shaped scales, and tends to have a reddish color. In addition, the eyes, ears, mouth, and other appendages may be abnormally contracted. The scaly keratin greatly limits the child’s movement. Because the skin is cracked where normal skin would fold, it is easily pregnable by bacteria and other contaminants, resulting in serious risk of fatal infection.

5. Outside Heart Baby : Ectopia Cordis

Image Source

This baby reported in 2009 has a heart located outside his body. He has the birth defect Ectopia cordis in which the heart is abnormally located. In the most common form, the heart protrudes outside the chest through a split sternum. Less often the heart may be situated in the abdominal cavity or neck.
The babies with this condtion have usually a good chance of survival since heart can be repositioned to the appropriate location when surgery conditions are suitable.

6. Frog like Baby : Anencephaly

Image Source : Unknown

In 2006, this bizarre-looking baby was born in Charikot, the headquarters of Dolakha district, attracting a huge number of onlookers to witness the astonishing sight. The neck-less baby with its head almost totally sunk into the upper part of the body and with extraordinarily large eyeballs literally popping out of the eye-sockets, was born to Nir Bahadur Karki and Suntali Karki at the Gaurishnkar Hospital in Charikot.
The baby suffers from a cephalic disorder called Anencephaly that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the cephalic (head) end of the neural tube fails to close. Children born with this condition lack the forebrain which is responsible for cognition i.e thinking. The remaining brain tissue is often exposed—not covered by bone or skin. There is no cure or standard treatment for anencephaly and the prognosis for patients is poor. Most anencephalic babies do not survive birth, accounting for 55% of non-aborted cases. If the infant is not stillborn, then he or she will usually die within a few hours or days after birth from cardiorespiratory arrest.

7. Baby with double Penis : Diphallia

Diphallia, penile duplication (PD), diphallic terata, or diphallasparatus, is a medical condition in which a male infant is born with two penises. This is an extremely rare disorder with only approximately 1000 cases of diphallia recorded since the first, reported by Johannes Jacob Wecker in 1609. Diphallia is a medical condition and should not be confused with genital bisection, which is an elective procedure which involves the splitting of the penis.

8. Baby with multiple Limbs : Polymelia

Image Source

Polymelia  is a birth defect involving limbs, in which the affected individual has more than the usual number of limbs. In humans and most land-dwelling animals, this means having five or more limbs. The extra limb is most commonly shrunken and/or deformed. Lakshmi was a child born in India, she is accepted as Hindu Goddess in India having multiple limbs.
The causes may be several. Sometimes an embryo starts as conjoined twins, but one twin degenerated completely except for one or more limbs, which end up attached to the other twin. Sometimes small extra legs between the normal legs are caused by the body axis forking.

9. World’s Smallest Baby : 21 weeks and six days

Image Source

On October 24th 2006, Amillia Taylor was born at 21 weeks and six days. No baby born at less than 23 weeks gestation had ever survived, but 10 ounce Amillia was able to pull through (and even was trying to breath and cry on her own at birth). Hospitals had initially hoped to release her yesterday, but decided to keep the now healthy baby a few extra days for observation.
Her mother doesn’t mind the wait, she’s just proud and happy that Amillia is healthy: “Even though she’s only four pounds (1.8 kilos) now, she’s plump to me.”

10. World’s Largest Baby

Image Source

This baby born in Iran six months ago, currently weighs an enormous 20 kilos (44 pounds)! The parents say the baby was born a normal weight close to 8 pounds when he was born, but he keeps eating every hour. The Iranian doctors do not know what this eating disorder is or where it came from.

Report Writing

(imechotwa na kuhaririwa kutoka mtandaoni)
Introduction
Report writing is an essential skill for professionals in almost every field: accountants, teachers, graphic and designers, information scientists (the list goes on).
A report aims to inform, as clearly and succinctly as possible. It should be easy to read, and professional in its presentation.
Exactly what you include in your report and how you present it will vary according to your discipline and the specific purpose of the report.

Reports and essays—what’s the difference?

A common problem is that students transfer what they have learned about essay writing to report writing.
Both essays and reports need:

• formal style
• careful proof-reading and neat presentation
• introduction, body and conclusion
• analytical thinking

But there are some essential differences between the two.

A Report	An Essay
Presents information	Presents an argument
Is meant to be scanned quickly by the reader	Is meant to be read carefully
Uses numbered headings and sub-headings	Uses minimal sub-headings, if any.
May not need references and bibliography/reference list	Always needs references and bibliography/reference list
Uses short, concise paragraphs and dot-points where applicable	Links ideas into cohesive paragraphs, rather than breaking them down into a list of dot-points
Uses graphics wherever possible (tables, graphs, illustrations)	Rarely uses graphics
May need an abstract (sometimes called an executive summary)	Will only need an abstract if it is very long, or if your lecturer asks for one specifically
May be followed by recommendations and/or appendices	Seldom has recommendations or appendices

Report structure

What follows is a generic structure for reports. Using this structure will help to give your report the correct level of formality; it will also help to ensure that you do not leave out anything important. However, the actual structure required by your discipline may not be exactly what is represented here - you should check with your lecturer.
A report should generally include the following sections.
(Sections marked with an asterisk (*) are essential: others are optional depending on the type, length and purpose of the report.)

• Letter of transmittal
• Title page*
• Table of contents
• List of abbreviations and/or glossary
• Executive summary/abstract
• Introduction*
• Body*
• Conclusion*
• Recommendations
• Bibliography
• Appendices

Letter of transmittal

(only if specified by your lecturer)
This is a letter to the person who commissioned the report, in which you effectively hand over your work to that person. Include:

• a salutation (eg. Dear Mr Nzobonaliba)
• the purpose of the letter (eg. Here is the final version of the report on ‘Underwater Welding’ which was commissioned by your organisation.)
• the main finding of the report
• any important considerations
• an acknowledgement of any significant help
• an expression of pleasure or gratitude (eg. Thank you for giving us the opportunity to work on this report.)

Title page

This must contain:

• the report title which clearly states the purpose of the report
• full details of the person(s) for whom the report was prepared
• full details of the person(s) who prepared the report
• the date of the presentation of the report

Table of Contents

(usually only if the report is longer than, say, ten pages)
This is a list of the headings and appendices of the report. Depending on the complexity and length of the report, you could list tables, figures and appendices separately. Make sure the correct page numbers are shown opposite the contents. Up-to-date word processing packages can generate a table of contents for you.

Abbreviations and/or glossary

If necessary, you should provide an alphabetical list of the abbreviations you have used in the report, especially if they may not be familiar to all readers of the report.
If you have used a lot of technical terms, you should also provide a glossary (an alphabetical list of the terms, with brief explanations of their meanings).
ex..MUST-mbeya university of science and technology
      LST-laboratory science technonlogy

Acknowledgements (if appropriate)

This is a short paragraph thanking any person or organisation which gave you help in collecting data or preparing the report.

Abstract (Summary or Executive Summary)

An abstract is quite different from an introduction. It is a summary of the report, in which you include one sentence (or so) for every main section of your report. For example, you can include:

• the context of the research
• the purpose of the report
• the major findings (you may need several sentences here)
• the conclusions
• the main recommendations

Write the abstract after you have written the report.

Introduction

• Give enough background information to provide a context for the report.
• State the purpose of the report.
• Clarify key terms and indicate the scope of the report (ie what the report will cover).

Body

The content of the body depends on the purpose of the report, and whether it is a report of primary or secondary research.
A report of primary research (based on your own observations and experiments) would include:

• Literature review (what other people have written about this topic.The literature review should lead towards your research question.
• Method (summarises what you did and why). Use the past tense.
• Findings or results (describes what you discovered, observed, etc, in your observations and experiements). Use the past tense.
• Discussion (discusses and explains your findings and relates them to previous research). Use the present tense to make generalisations.

A report of secondary research (based on reading only) would include:

• Information organised under appropriate topics with sub-headings. It is unlikely that your report will discuss each source separately. You need to synthesise material from different sources under topic headings.
• Analysis/discussion of the sources you are reporting.

Conclusion

Sum up the main points of the report. The conclusion should clearly relate to the objectives of your report. No surprises please! (that is, don’t include new information here.)
Recommendations (if appropriate)
These are suggestions for future action. They must be logically derived from the body of your report.

Bibliography

read for more information

Appendices

An appendix contains material which is too detailed, technical, or complex to include in the body of the report (for example, specifications, a questionnaire, or a long complex table of figures), but which is referred to in the report. Appendices are put at the very end of the report, after everything else. Each appendix should contain different material. Number each appendix clearly.

Presentation of the report

The content and structure of your report is important; so is the presentation and style. First impressions count, so consider these simple tips to ensure your report is reader-friendly:

• use plenty of white space
• ensure the separate parts of your report stand out clearly
• use subheadings
• allow generous spacing between the elements of your report
• use dot points/ numbers/ letters to articulate these elements
• use tables and figures (graphs, illustrations, maps etc) for clarification. Label them clearly and cite the source. These graphics should relate to the text of your report; for example, Figure 1 shows that the population of ikuti has increased dramatically since 2005, or The population of ikuti has increased dramatically since 2005 (see Figure 1).
• number each page (a neat header and/or footer makes your work look more professional)
• use consistent and appropriate formatting (you may like to follow the report format supplied with your word processing package)
• use formal language. It would be worth having a look at the language which is used in other, similar reports to check out useful expressions and terms.

Common problems

Some common problems with research report writing that you should take care to avoid are:

• the inclusion of careless, inaccurate, or conflicting
• the inclusion of outdated or irrelevant data
• facts and opinions that are not separated
• unsupported conclusions and recommendations
• careless presentation and proof-reading
• too much emphasis on appearance and not enough attention to solid content.

Links to other sites

• Advice about writing a Report - Middlesex University
• Report Writing - Curtin University

MUHIMU-SOMA HAPA

Kutokana na matokeo mengi kukosewa tafadhali angalia matokeo yako(this is an original version after i marked ur papers) na endapo kuna tatizo nitafute

angalia MATOKEO SEMST 2
hii ni kwa wale waliosoma basic experimental biology LST 04205